Periodontal disease, often referred to as gum disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the gums and supporting structures of the teeth. It is a common oral health issue that can range from mild gum inflammation (gingivitis) to severe tissue and bone destruction around the teeth (periodontitis). If left untreated, periodontal disease can lead to tooth loss and have implications for overall health.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to manage periodontal disease effectively and prevent its progression. Regular dental check-ups, good oral hygiene, and a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk of gum disease.

Causes and Risk Factors:

• Plaque and Tartar: The primary cause of periodontal disease is the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria and food particles on the teeth. If not removed through regular brushing and flossing, plaque hardens into tartar (calculus), which can only be removed by a dentist or dental hygienist.
• Poor Oral Hygiene: Inadequate brushing, flossing, and irregular dental check-ups can contribute to the development of gum disease.
• Smoking and Tobacco Use: Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for gum disease and can hinder the success of treatments.
• Genetics: Some individuals may be more predisposed to gum disease due to genetic factors.
• Health Conditions: Conditions such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and certain autoimmune diseases can increase the risk of periodontal disease.

Stages of Periodontal Disease:

• Gingivitis: The initial stage, characterised by inflamed gums that may bleed during brushing or flossing. At this stage, the bone and fibres that hold the teeth in place are generally unaffected.
• Periodontitis: If gingivitis progresses it can lead to periodontitis. This involves damage to the bone and fibres that support the teeth, resulting in pockets forming between the gums and teeth. These pockets can become infected and deepen over time.

Symptoms:

• Gum inflammation and redness
• Bleeding gums during brushing or flossing
• Persistent bad breath
• Receding gums, making teeth appear longer
• Loose or shifting teeth
• Changes in bite or the way teeth fit together
• Pus between the teeth and gums
• Sensitive or painful teeth

Prevention and Treatment:

• Oral Hygiene: Regular and effective brushing, flossing, and using an antiseptic mouthwash can help prevent gum disease.
• Professional Cleaning: Regular dental cleanings and check-ups are crucial for early detection and prevention.
• Scaling and Root Planing: Deep cleaning procedures to remove plaque and tartar from below the gum line.
• Surgical Treatments: In severe cases, surgical interventions like gum grafts, bone grafts, or flap surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissue and bone.

Impact on Overall Health:

• There is growing evidence linking periodontal disease to systemic conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory infections, and complications during pregnancy.
• Inflammation and bacterial spread from the gums can affect other parts of the body, contributing to overall health problems.